Radon

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.=====Radon Measurements Guide=====
This site contains a listing of Radon-related work and measurements of interest primarily to the low-background physics community. If you have, or know of interesting measurements which should be included, please contact Michael Ronquest (<<michael DOT ronquest at gmail DOT COM >>), Keith Rielage (<< rielagek at lanl DOT GOV>>) 

===Radon Emanation Measurements===
^Category^ Material ^ Measurement ^ Units ^ Date Made ^ Collaboration or Research Group ^ Citation ^ Link ^ Notes / Picture ^
|Acrylic|Black Acrylic Sheet|(6 +/- 1), (8 +/- 1), (6.9 +/- .8)|  per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Adhesive|Master Bond ZP45HT|(< .86)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Beads|Kynar PVDF Beads|<.2| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Beads|Himont SV956 Beads|(4.4 +/- .3),(.9 +/- .1), (.6 +/- .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Beads| Himont SV258 Beads|<.2| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Beads|Diakon MnO2 Beads|(.026 +/- .003)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Cable|Coaxial Cable 9067 (high density polyurethane outer jacket)|(<.6)|per meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Cable|Twinaxial PE cable|(<2)| per meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Cable|Coaxial Cable 8240|(6 +/- 2)| per meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H| 
|Carbon|Activated Carbon (CarboAct)      | (0.3 +/- 0.1), (0.6+/- 0.3)        | mBq/kg   | 2005   | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|Carbon|Carbosieve SIII (820m2/g) | (0.67+/-0.17),(1.5+/-0.3),(8.0+/- 0.6)| mBq/kg | 2009 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino / GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608 | At 20C, 150C and 330C respectively|
|Connection|NPT Connection - KAMMER| (79 +/- 24) | micro Bq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Teflon Sealed|
|Connection|VCR 1/2" Connection - KAMMER| (<54) | micro Bq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Full Metal Sealed|
|Foil| Aluminum Laminated Foil| (1.8 +/- .2), (2.3 +/- .1), (1.9 +/- .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Gasket Material|Polyurethane|(< .3) | mBq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |
|Gasket Material| Silicon Rubber| (196 +/- 4)| mBq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |
|Gel|Silica Gel|(440 +/- 50)|Rn per liter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Glass|Glass Wool|(21 +/- .2)|mBq per meter squared|2009|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608|
|Glass|PERMATEX glass vial|(24.9 +/- 4.2)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Araldite 2012|(4.8 +/- 3.2)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Nitril|(187 +/- 9)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Busto|(1750 +/- 40)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Kromasil|(3.6 +/- .3)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Low Radium Glass|(<1.6)|per square meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Insert| Norel RO Plastic Insert|(8.2 +/- .4), (6.2 +/- .3), (8.7 +/- .3)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
| |Oxygen Absorber (Trigon)| (498 +/- 24), (496 +/- 42)| mBq/kg| 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
| |Oxygen Absorber (Oxisorb)| (~19)| mBq/kg| 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Metal|Copper Foil|(1.7 +/- .2)|micro Bq per meter squared|2009|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608|
|Metal|Copper Foil|(1.2 +/- .2)|micro Bq per meter squared|2009|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608|rinsed with distilled water|
|Metal|Stainless Steel Plate (With Welds)| (.36 +/- 0.04)| mBq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |standard shop cleaning procedure (alkaline bath)|
|Metal|Stainless Steel Plate (With Welds)| (<.1)| mBq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |After 2-hour etching (20 %*) HNO3 + 1.7% HF + water) and 30-min passivation (15 % HNO3 + water).|
|Metal|Stainless Steel|(10.2 +/- .8)| micro Bq per meter squared|m2005   | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |No cleaning|
|Metal|Stainless Steel|(4.6 +/- .9)| micro Bq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  | Rinsed With Water|
|Metal|Electro Polished Stainless Steel|micro Bq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|Metal|Stainless Steel Tape| (10) | micro Bq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Surface not treated|
|Metal|Stainless Steel Tape| (4.6) | micro Bq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Surface washed with distilled water|
|Metal|Welded Aluminum 3" angles| (7.8 +/- .8)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Metal|Aluminum Reflector|(<1.5)|per square meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Metal|Aluminum Plate|(<.5)|per square meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Metal|Welded Covered Aluminum|(3.7 +/- .7), (1.7 +/- .4), (2.0 +/- .4), (2.2 +/- .4)| Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Gasket|Teflon Stamp Gasket - WEKA| (78 +/- 14) | micro Bq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Valve|WTA valve (open)| (2.0 +/- 0.2) | mBq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Valve|WTA valve (closed)| (.64 +/- 0.15) | mBq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Cable|Habia Coaxial Cable| (.34 +/- 0.09) | mBq/kg | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Perbunan O-ring (black)| (.017 +/- 0.003) | mBq/ring | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Viton O-ring (green)| (.680 +/- 0.021) | mBq/ring | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Viton O-ring (bright green)| (.537 +/- 0.028) | mBq/ring | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Butyl O-ring|(19.6 +/- .5)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Pipe|Grey Polypropylene Piping| (23.2 +/- 1.3), (18.3 +/- 1.0), (3.9 +/- .6), (16.1 +/- 1.1), (15.0 +/- .9) | Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pipe|White Polypropylene Piping (2" ID)| (1.1 +/- .6), (1.4 +/- .5), (.7 +/- .4), (1.1 +/- .4)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pipe|White Polypropylene Piping (7/8" ID)| (4.6 +/- .6), (2.4 +/- .4), (1.4 +/- .4), (1.6 +/- .3)| Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pipe|PVDF Piping| <1.1| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Plastic|Black ABS Plastic|(<1.1)|per meter square per hour|
|PMT|Borexino PMT|(< 40)|micro Bq|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|PMT|8 inch diameter PMT|(< 20)|per PMT per hour
|Polyethylene|White Polyethylene|(<.9)|per meter square per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Pump|Huge American Pump|(291 +/- 12), (147 +/- 10), (212 +/- 9)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pump|Small American Pump|(292 +/- 23)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Resin|Fabco SV-258 Resin|(3.1 +/- .2), (.7 +/- .2), (.4 +/- .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Rope|Yellow Kevlar Rope|(<.001)| Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Sheet|DWST PP Sheets|(4.2 +/- .6), (2.1 +/- .6), (3 +/- .6), (1.9 +/- .6), (.7 +/- .5)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Teflon|Teflon Foil| (< 9) |micro Bq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|Tube|Flexible Pharmed Tubing|(6000)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Short Tonkaflow Cylinder |(60 +/- 4), (56 +/- 2), (43 +/- 2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Long Tonkaflow Cylinder|(227 +/- 7), (106 +/- 3), (127 +/- 4)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Clear PVC|(61.8 +/- 1.9), (29.1 +/- .9), (33.0 +/- .9| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Silicon Tubing|(1.4 +/- .8),(1.4 +/- .6), (1.6 +/- .7), (1.5 +/- .5)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Polyurethane Tube|(1.4 +/- .4), (1.6 +/- .4), (< .3), (< .2) (< .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|TYVEK|TYVEK|(< .0039)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Valve|3 Chemkor SuperBlock II Valves|(32 +/- 4),(11 +/- 2), (< 4), (< 3.5), (13 +/- 3)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Valve|Plast-O-Matic Valve Peices|(3 +/- 1), (<1.125), (3 +/- 1), (< 0.936)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Valve|Vacuum Research Gate Valve|Opened:(48 +/- 4), Closed: (13 +/- 3), (18 +/- 3), (15 +/- 2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Valve|Safety Valve|(.08 +/- .03)|mBq per valve|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Water|CTF Water|(20 +/- 2)|mBq per cubic meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|

===Radon Permeability Measurements===
^Category^ Material ^ Measurement ^ Units ^ Date Made ^ Collaboration or Research Group ^ Citation ^ Link ^ Notes / Picture ^
|Alumized Polymer|Alumized Polycarbonate|3.61*(10 to the -9)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Alumized Polymer|Alumized Mylar|2.46*(10 to the -9)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Butyl|Butyl (2 mm thick)| (1 +/- .5) * 10 to the -11|m cubed at STP*mm/(s*torr*square centimeter)|2010|Harvard University|Steven J. Schowalter, Colin B. Connolly, John M. Doyle, Permeability of noble gases through Kapton, butyl, nylon, and 'Silver Shield', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 615, Issue 3, 11 April 2010, Pages 267-271, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.041.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900210001099|
|Cellulose Nitrate|Cellulose Nitrate|8.37 * (10 to the -10)|square centimeter per second|1987|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|T.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124|
|Glass|Glass|1.72 * (10 to the -7)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Kalrez|Kalrez (.28 mm thickness)|(1.2 +/- .5)*10 to the -8|cm squared/sec|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Fiber Glass|Fiber Glass|4.51 * (10 to the -6)|square centimeter per second|1987|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|T.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124|
|Nylon|Nylon 6 (.015 mm thick)|(2.8 +/- 1.3)*10 to the -12|cm squared/sec|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Paper|Waxed Paper|5.56 * (10 to the -9)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Paper|A4 Xerox Paper|2.93 * (10 to the -7)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Paper|Filter Paper|1.46 * (10 to the -6)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Polymer|Cellulose Nitrate|1.63 * (10 to the -8)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Polymer|Polyallyldiglycol-carbonate(CR 38)|1.67 * (10 to the -7)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Polymer|Makrofol|(5.0 * (10 to the -10)), (5.81 * (10 to the -10)), (4.17 * (10 to the -10)), (3.34 * (10 to the -10)), (2.77 * (10 to the -10)), (4.45 * (10 to the -10))|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Polymer|PVC Cling|.463 * (10 to the -8)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Polymer|Plexiglas|(1.62 * (10 to the -7)), (2.55 * (10 to the -7)), (2.30 * (10 to the -7)|square centimeter per second|2002|Ein Shams University|Wafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434|
|Polymer|Hydrate-Cellulose(Cellophane)|(.97 +/- .06) * (10 to the -12)|square meter per second|1986|Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary|Abdel-Fattah Hafez, G. Somogyi, Determination of radon and thoron permeability through some plastics by track technique, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 12, Issues 1-6, Special Volume Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors, 1986, Pages 697-700, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(86)90682-5|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018986906825|
|Polymer|Cellulose Acetate|(.75 +/- .1) * (10 to the -12)|square meter per second|1986|Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary|Abdel-Fattah Hafez, G. Somogyi, Determination of radon and thoron permeability through some plastics by track technique, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 12, Issues 1-6, Special Volume Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors, 1986, Pages 697-700, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(86)90682-5|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018986906825|
|Polymer|Polyethylene|(113)|nm squared/Pa*sec|2003|University of California|Hammon, H. G., Ernst, K. and Newton, J. C. (1977), Noble gas permeability of polymer films and coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 21: 1989–1997. doi: 10.1002/app.1977.070210725|http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.1977.070210725/abstract|
|Polymer|Polyethylene-Terephthalate|(.3 +/- .05) * (10 to the -12)|square meter per second|1986|Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, Hungary|Abdel-Fattah Hafez, G. Somogyi, Determination of radon and thoron permeability through some plastics by track technique, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 12, Issues 1-6, Special Volume Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors, 1986, Pages 697-700, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(86)90682-5|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018986906825|
|Polymer|Polycarbonate|(1.4)|nm squared/Pa*sec|2003|University of California|Hammon, H. G., Ernst, K. and Newton, J. C. (1977), Noble gas permeability of polymer films and coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 21: 1989–1997. doi: 10.1002/app.1977.070210725|http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.1977.070210725/abstract|
|Polymer|Polyester|1.97 * (10 to the -9)|square centimeter per second|1987|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|T.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124|
|Polymer|Polyvinyl Chloride|5.02 * (10 to the -8)|square centimeter per second|1987|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|T.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124|
|Rubber|Natural Rubber|6.35 *(10 to the -6)|square centimeter per second|1987|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|T.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124|
|Silver Shield|Silver Shield|4*(10 to the -18)|m cubed at STP*mm/(s*torr*square centimeter)|2010|Harvard University|Steven J. Schowalter, Colin B. Connolly, John M. Doyle, Permeability of noble gases through Kapton, butyl, nylon, and 'Silver Shield', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 615, Issue 3, 11 April 2010, Pages 267-271, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.041.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900210001099|


===Radon Diffusion Measurements===
^Category^ Material ^ Measurement ^ Units ^ Date Made ^ Collaboration or Research Group ^ Citation ^ Link ^ Notes / Picture ^
|Glue| RTV 615|800|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Junction|Mylar Junction|.030|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Junction|Aluminum Foil TROPAC Junction|<.0051|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Kalrez|Kalrez (.28 mm thickness)|(1.2 +/- .3)*10 to the -9|centimeter squared per second|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Nylon|Nylon 6 (.015 mm thick)|(1.0 +/- .2)*10 to the -12|centimeter squared per second|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Metal|Aluminum Foil TROPAC III|<.0043|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Mylar|Mylar Foil(2 layers)|<.0012|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Polymer|HDPE(2 layers)|19|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Polymer|Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer|.68|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Polymer|Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer(2 layers)|<.00035|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Silicon|Silicon|320|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
===Radon Solubility Measurements===
^Category^ Material ^ Measurement ^ Units ^ Date Made ^ Collaboration or Research Group ^ Citation ^ Link ^ Notes / Picture ^
|Kalrez|Kalrez (.28 mm thickness)|12.8 +/- 2.8||2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Nylon|Nylon 6 (.015 mm thick)|(5.0 +/- .5)||2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
===Radon Daughter Removal Studies===
^Title^Link^Relevant Pages^
|Low Radioactivity Background Techniques|http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ns.45.120195.002551|552-554|
|Behavior of the 222Rn daughters on copper surfaces during cleaning|http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/897/53/1|All|
|Removal of the long-lived 222Rn daughters from steel and germanium surfaces|http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/1338/224/1|All|
|Ultra-Low-Background Copper Production and Clean Fabrication|http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/785/170/1|173-175|
|Cleaning and passivation of copper surfaces to remove surface radioactivity and prevent oxide formation|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900207006882|All|
===Radon Mitigation Studies===
^Title^Link^Relevant Pages^
|222Rn detection at the μBq/m3 range in nitrogen gas and a new Rn purification technique for liquid nitrogen|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804399002316|All|
|Low-222Rn nitrogen gas generator for ultra-low background counting systems|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900204023356|All|
===Transport, Deposition and Mobility Models===
^Title^Link^Relevant Pages^
|A Radon Progeny Deposition Model|http://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/1338/95/1|All|

===Thoron Measurements===

=== Radon Detector Papers ===
^Title^Link^Relevant Pages^
|On-line low- and medium-level measurements of the radon activity concentration |http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900201002273|All|
|Detector for 222Rn measurements in air at the 1mBq/m3 level|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900200010822|All|
|Highly sensitive measurements of radioactive noble gas nuclides in the Borexino solar neutrino experiment|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804304001083|All
|Analysis of the 222Rn concentration in argon and a purification technique for gaseous and liquid argon |http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000669|All|
|Radon emanation measurements using silicon photodiode detectors|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804303003762|All|
|The miniaturized proportional counternext term HD-2(Fe)/(Si) for the GALLEX solar neutrino experiment|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029391289Y|All|
|A high-sensitivity large volume cryogenic detector for radon in gas|http://www.springerlink.com/content/w0325547091r6066/|All|
===Review Papers ===


Website Contributors:
  * Stan Seibert
  * Michael Ronquest
  * Bill Ireland
Radon

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