Radon

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=====Radon Measurements Guide=====
This site contains a listing of Radon-related work and measurements of interest primarily to the low-background physics community. If you have, or know of interesting measurements which should be included, please contact Michael Ronquest (<<michael DOT ronquest at gmail DOT COM >>), Keith Rielage (<< rielagek at lanl DOT GOV>>) 

===Radon Emanation Measurements===
^Category^ Material ^ Measurement ^ Units ^ Date Made ^ Collaboration or Research Group ^ Citation ^ Link ^ Notes / Picture ^
|Acrylic|Black Acrylic Sheet|(6 +/- 1), (8 +/- 1), (6.9 +/- .8)|  per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Adhesive|Master Bond ZP45HT|(< .86)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Beads|Kynar PVDF Beads|<.2| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Beads|Himont SV956 Beads|(4.4 +/- .3),(.9 +/- .1), (.6 +/- .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Beads| Himont SV258 Beads|<.2| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Beads|Diakon MnO2 Beads|(.026 +/- .003)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Cable|Coaxial Cable 9067 (high density polyurethane outer jacket)|(<.6)|per meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Cable|Twinaxial PE cable|(<2)| per meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Cable|Coaxial Cable 8240|(6 +/- 2)| per meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H| 
|Carbon|Activated Carbon (CarboAct)      | (0.3 +/- 0.1), (0.6+/- 0.3)        | mBq/kg   | 2005   | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|Carbon|Carbosieve SIII (820m2/g) | (0.67+/-0.17),(1.5+/-0.3),(8.0+/- 0.6)| mBq/kg | 2009 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino / GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608 | At 20C, 150C and 330C respectively|
|Connection|NPT Connection - KAMMER| (79 +/- 24) | micro Bq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Teflon Sealed|
|Connection|VCR 1/2" Connection - KAMMER| (<54) | micro Bq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Full Metal Sealed|
|Foil| Aluminum Laminated Foil| (1.8 +/- .2), (2.3 +/- .1), (1.9 +/- .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Gasket Material|Polyurethane|(< .3) | mBq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |
|Gasket Material| Silicon Rubber| (196 +/- 4)| mBq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |
|Gel|Silica Gel|(440 +/- 50)|Rn per liter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Glass|Glass Wool|(21 +/- .2)|mBq per meter squared|2009|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608|
|Glass|PERMATEX glass vial|(24.9 +/- 4.2)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Araldite 2012|(4.8 +/- 3.2)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Nitril|(187 +/- 9)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Busto|(1750 +/- 40)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Kromasil|(3.6 +/- .3)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Glass|Low Radium Glass|(<1.6)|per square meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Insert| Norel RO Plastic Insert|(8.2 +/- .4), (6.2 +/- .3), (8.7 +/- .3)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
| |Oxygen Absorber (Trigon)| (498 +/- 24), (496 +/- 42)| mBq/kg| 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
| |Oxygen Absorber (Oxisorb)| (~19)| mBq/kg| 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Metal|Copper Foil|(1.7 +/- .2)|micro Bq per meter squared|2009|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608|
|Metal|Copper Foil|(1.2 +/- .2)|micro Bq per meter squared|2009|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608|rinsed with distilled water|
|Metal|Stainless Steel Plate (With Welds)| (.36 +/- 0.04)| mBq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |standard shop cleaning procedure (alkaline bath)|
|Metal|Stainless Steel Plate (With Welds)| (<.1)| mBq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |After 2-hour etching (20 %*) HNO3 + 1.7% HF + water) and 30-min passivation (15 % HNO3 + water).|
|Metal|Stainless Steel|(10.2 +/- .8)| micro Bq per meter squared|m2005   | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |No cleaning|
|Metal|Stainless Steel|(4.6 +/- .9)| micro Bq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  | Rinsed With Water|
|Metal|Electro Polished Stainless Steel|micro Bq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|Metal|Stainless Steel Tape| (10) | micro Bq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Surface not treated|
|Metal|Stainless Steel Tape| (4.6) | micro Bq/m | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |Surface washed with distilled water|
|Metal|Welded Aluminum 3" angles| (7.8 +/- .8)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Metal|Aluminum Reflector|(<1.5)|per square meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Metal|Aluminum Plate|(<.5)|per square meter per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Metal|Welded Covered Aluminum|(3.7 +/- .7), (1.7 +/- .4), (2.0 +/- .4), (2.2 +/- .4)| Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Gasket|Teflon Stamp Gasket - WEKA| (78 +/- 14) | micro Bq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Valve|WTA valve (open)| (2.0 +/- 0.2) | mBq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Valve|WTA valve (closed)| (.64 +/- 0.15) | mBq | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|Cable|Habia Coaxial Cable| (.34 +/- 0.09) | mBq/kg | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Perbunan O-ring (black)| (.017 +/- 0.003) | mBq/ring | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Viton O-ring (green)| (.680 +/- 0.021) | mBq/ring | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Viton O-ring (bright green)| (.537 +/- 0.028) | mBq/ring | 2009 | GERDA | G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007|http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf |
|O-ring|Butyl O-ring|(19.6 +/- .5)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Pipe|Grey Polypropylene Piping| (23.2 +/- 1.3), (18.3 +/- 1.0), (3.9 +/- .6), (16.1 +/- 1.1), (15.0 +/- .9) | Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pipe|White Polypropylene Piping (2" ID)| (1.1 +/- .6), (1.4 +/- .5), (.7 +/- .4), (1.1 +/- .4)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pipe|White Polypropylene Piping (7/8" ID)| (4.6 +/- .6), (2.4 +/- .4), (1.4 +/- .4), (1.6 +/- .3)| Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pipe|PVDF Piping| <1.1| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Plastic|Black ABS Plastic|(<1.1)|per meter square per hour|
|PMT|Borexino PMT|(< 40)|micro Bq|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|PMT|8 inch diameter PMT|(< 20)|per PMT per hour
|Polyethylene|White Polyethylene|(<.9)|per meter square per hour|1993|Queens University|Manqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H|
|Pump|Huge American Pump|(291 +/- 12), (147 +/- 10), (212 +/- 9)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Pump|Small American Pump|(292 +/- 23)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Resin|Fabco SV-258 Resin|(3.1 +/- .2), (.7 +/- .2), (.4 +/- .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Rope|Yellow Kevlar Rope|(<.001)| Rn per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Sheet|DWST PP Sheets|(4.2 +/- .6), (2.1 +/- .6), (3 +/- .6), (1.9 +/- .6), (.7 +/- .5)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Teflon|Teflon Foil| (< 9) |micro Bq per meter squared|2005 | Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino |Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. | http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes |Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant  |
|Tube|Flexible Pharmed Tubing|(6000)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Short Tonkaflow Cylinder |(60 +/- 4), (56 +/- 2), (43 +/- 2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Long Tonkaflow Cylinder|(227 +/- 7), (106 +/- 3), (127 +/- 4)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Clear PVC|(61.8 +/- 1.9), (29.1 +/- .9), (33.0 +/- .9| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Silicon Tubing|(1.4 +/- .8),(1.4 +/- .6), (1.6 +/- .7), (1.5 +/- .5)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Tube|Polyurethane Tube|(1.4 +/- .4), (1.6 +/- .4), (< .3), (< .2) (< .2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|TYVEK|TYVEK|(< .0039)|mBq per square meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Valve|3 Chemkor SuperBlock II Valves|(32 +/- 4),(11 +/- 2), (< 4), (< 3.5), (13 +/- 3)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Valve|Plast-O-Matic Valve Peices|(3 +/- 1), (<1.125), (3 +/- 1), (< 0.936)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Valve|Vacuum Research Gate Valve|Opened:(48 +/- 4), Closed: (13 +/- 3), (18 +/- 3), (15 +/- 2)| per meter squared per hour | 2009 | SNO | Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994|http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf |
|Valve|Safety Valve|(.08 +/- .03)|mBq per valve|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|
|Water|CTF Water|(20 +/- 2)|mBq per cubic meter|2000|Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik|W Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X|

===Radon Permeability Measurements===
|Butyl|Butyl (2 mm thick)| (1 +/- .5) * 10 to the -11|m cubed at STP*mm/(s*torr*square centimeter)|2010|Harvard University|Steven J. Schowalter, Colin B. Connolly, John M. Doyle, Permeability of noble gases through Kapton, butyl, nylon, and 'Silver Shield', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 615, Issue 3, 11 April 2010, Pages 267-271, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.041.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900210001099|
|Kalrez|Kalrez (.28 mm thickness)|(1.2 +/- .5)*10 to the -8|cm squared/sec|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Nylon|Nylon 6 (.015 mm thick)|(2.8 +/- 1.3)*10 to the -12|cm squared/sec|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Polymer|Polyethylene|(113)|nm squared/Pa*sec|2003|University of California|Hammon, H. G., Ernst, K. and Newton, J. C. (1977), Noble gas permeability of polymer films and coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 21: 1989–1997. doi: 10.1002/app.1977.070210725|http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.1977.070210725/abstract|
|Polymer|Polycarbonate|(1.4)|nm squared/Pa*sec|2003|University of California|Hammon, H. G., Ernst, K. and Newton, J. C. (1977), Noble gas permeability of polymer films and coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 21: 1989–1997. doi: 10.1002/app.1977.070210725|http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.1977.070210725/abstract|
|Silver Shield|Silver Shield|4*(10 to the -18)|m cubed at STP*mm/(s*torr*square centimeter)|2010|Harvard University|Steven J. Schowalter, Colin B. Connolly, John M. Doyle, Permeability of noble gases through Kapton, butyl, nylon, and 'Silver Shield', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 615, Issue 3, 11 April 2010, Pages 267-271, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.041.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900210001099|


===Radon Diffusion Measurements===
|Glue| RTV 615|800|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Junction|Mylar Junction|.030|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Junction|Aluminum Foil TROPAC Junction|<.0051|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Kalrez|Kalrez (.28 mm thickness)|(1.2 +/- .3)*10 to the -9|centimeter squared per second|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Nylon|Nylon 6 (.015 mm thick)|(1.0 +/- .2)*10 to the -12|centimeter squared per second|2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Metal|Aluminum Foil TROPAC III|<.0043|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Mylar|Mylar Foil(2 layers)|<.0012|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Polymer|HDPE(2 layers)|19|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Polymer|Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer|.68|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Polymer|Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer(2 layers)|<.00035|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
|Silicon|Silicon|320|10 to the -12*meters squared per second|2011|SuperNEMO|F Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221|http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068|
===Radon Solubility Measurements===
|Kalrez|Kalrez (.28 mm thickness)|12.8 +/- 2.8||2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
|Nylon|Nylon 6 (.015 mm thick)|(5.0 +/- .5)||2000|Borexino|M. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.|http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503|
===Radon Daughter Removal Studies===

===Radon Mitigation Studies===

===Transport, Deposition and Mobility Models===


===Thoron Measurements===

===Review Papers ===


Website Contributors:
  * Stan Seibert
  * Michael Ronquest
  * Bill Ireland
Radon

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