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Radon Measurements Guide

This site contains a listing of Radon-related work and measurements of interest primarily to the low-background physics community. If you have, or know of interesting measurements which should be included, please contact Michael Ronquest («michael DOT ronquest at gmail DOT COM »), Keith Rielage (« rielagek at lanl DOT GOV») or Vincente Guisseppe (vincente.guisseppe@usd.edu)

Radon Emanation Measurements

Category Material Measurement Units Date Made Collaboration or Research Group Citation Link Notes / Picture
AcrylicBlack Acrylic Sheet(6 +/- 1), (8 +/- 1), (6.9 +/- .8) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
AdhesiveMaster Bond ZP45HT(< .86)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
BeadsKynar PVDF Beads<.2 per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
BeadsHimont SV956 Beads(4.4 +/- .3),(.9 +/- .1), (.6 +/- .2) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
Beads Himont SV258 Beads<.2 per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
BeadsDiakon MnO2 Beads(.026 +/- .003) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
CableCoaxial Cable 9067 (high density polyurethane outer jacket)(<.6)per meter per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
CableTwinaxial PE cable(<2) per meter per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
CableCoaxial Cable 8240(6 +/- 2) per meter per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
CarbonActivated Carbon (CarboAct) (0.3 +/- 0.1), (0.6+/- 0.3) mBq/kg 2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant
CarbonCarbosieve SIII (820m2/g) (0.67+/-0.17),(1.5+/-0.3),(8.0+/- 0.6) mBq/kg 2009 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino / GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608 At 20C, 150C and 330C respectively
ConnectionNPT Connection - KAMMER (79 +/- 24) micro Bq 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf Teflon Sealed
ConnectionVCR 1/2” Connection - KAMMER (<54) micro Bq 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf Full Metal Sealed
Foil Aluminum Laminated Foil (1.8 +/- .2), (2.3 +/- .1), (1.9 +/- .2) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
Gasket MaterialPolyurethane(< .3) mBq per meter squared2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
Gasket Material Silicon Rubber (196 +/- 4) mBq per meter squared2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes
GelSilica Gel(440 +/- 50)Rn per liter per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
GlassGlass Wool(21 +/- .2)mBq per meter squared2009Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikG. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608
GlassPERMATEX glass vial(24.9 +/- 4.2)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
GlassAraldite 2012(4.8 +/- 3.2)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
GlassNitril(187 +/- 9)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
GlassBusto(1750 +/- 40)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
GlassKromasil(3.6 +/- .3)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
GlassLow Radium Glass(<1.6)per square meter per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
Insert Norel RO Plastic Insert(8.2 +/- .4), (6.2 +/- .3), (8.7 +/- .3) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
Oxygen Absorber (Trigon) (498 +/- 24), (496 +/- 42) mBq/kg 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
Oxygen Absorber (Oxisorb) (~19) mBq/kg 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
MetalCopper Foil(1.7 +/- .2)micro Bq per meter squared2009Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikG. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608
MetalCopper Foil(1.2 +/- .2)micro Bq per meter squared2009Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikG. Zuzel, H. Simgen, High sensitivity radon emanation measurements, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 67, Issue 5, 5th International Conference on Radionuclide Metrology - Low-Level Radioactivity Measurement Techniques ICRM-LLRMT'08, May 2009, Pages 889-893http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000608rinsed with distilled water
MetalStainless Steel Plate (With Welds) (.36 +/- 0.04) mBq/m 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf standard shop cleaning procedure (alkaline bath)
MetalStainless Steel Plate (With Welds) (<.1) mBq/m 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf After 2-hour etching (20 %*) HNO3 + 1.7% HF + water) and 30-min passivation (15 % HNO3 + water).
MetalStainless Steel(10.2 +/- .8) micro Bq per meter squaredm2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes No cleaning
MetalStainless Steel(4.6 +/- .9) micro Bq per meter squared2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant Rinsed With Water
MetalElectro Polished Stainless Steelmicro Bq per meter squared2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant
MetalStainless Steel Tape (10) micro Bq/m 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf Surface not treated
MetalStainless Steel Tape (4.6) micro Bq/m 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf Surface washed with distilled water
MetalWelded Aluminum 3” angles (7.8 +/- .8) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
MetalAluminum Reflector(<1.5)per square meter per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
MetalAluminum Plate(<.5)per square meter per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
MetalWelded Covered Aluminum(3.7 +/- .7), (1.7 +/- .4), (2.0 +/- .4), (2.2 +/- .4) Rn per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
GasketTeflon Stamp Gasket - WEKA (78 +/- 14) micro Bq 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
ValveWTA valve (open) (2.0 +/- 0.2) mBq 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
ValveWTA valve (closed) (.64 +/- 0.15) mBq 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
CableHabia Coaxial Cable (.34 +/- 0.09) mBq/kg 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
O-ringPerbunan O-ring (black) (.017 +/- 0.003) mBq/ring 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
O-ringViton O-ring (green) (.680 +/- 0.021) mBq/ring 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
O-ringViton O-ring (bright green) (.537 +/- 0.028) mBq/ring 2009 GERDA G. Zuzel, H. Simgen, Radon Emanation measurements, Presentation at GERDA General Meeting, July 11, 2007http://www.mpi-hd.mpg.de/gerda/lngs07/lngs07_slides/zuzel_gerda_nov07.pdf
O-ringButyl O-ring(19.6 +/- .5)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
PipeGrey Polypropylene Piping (23.2 +/- 1.3), (18.3 +/- 1.0), (3.9 +/- .6), (16.1 +/- 1.1), (15.0 +/- .9) Rn per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
PipeWhite Polypropylene Piping (2” ID) (1.1 +/- .6), (1.4 +/- .5), (.7 +/- .4), (1.1 +/- .4) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
PipeWhite Polypropylene Piping (7/8” ID) (4.6 +/- .6), (2.4 +/- .4), (1.4 +/- .4), (1.6 +/- .3) Rn per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
PipePVDF Piping <1.1 per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
PlasticBlack ABS Plastic(<1.1)per meter square per hour
PMTBorexino PMT(< 40)micro Bq2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant
PMT8 inch diameter PMT(< 20)
PolyethyleneWhite Polyethylene(<.9)per meter square per hour1993Queens UniversityManqing Liu, H.W. Lee, A.B. McDonald, 222Rn emanation into vacuum, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 329, Issues 1-2, 15 May 1993, Pages 291-298http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029390948H
PumpHuge American Pump(291 +/- 12), (147 +/- 10), (212 +/- 9) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
PumpSmall American Pump(292 +/- 23) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
ResinFabco SV-258 Resin(3.1 +/- .2), (.7 +/- .2), (.4 +/- .2) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
RopeYellow Kevlar Rope(<.001) Rn per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
SheetDWST PP Sheets(4.2 +/- .6), (2.1 +/- .6), (3 +/- .6), (1.9 +/- .6), (.7 +/- .5) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
TeflonTeflon Foil (< 9) micro Bq per meter squared2005 Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics/ Borexino Zuzel, G., 2005. Highly sensitive measurements of 222Rn emanation and diffusion, Topical Workshop in Low Radioactivity Techniques: LRT 2004. In: AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 785, pp. 142-149. http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=APCPCS000785000001000142000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes Used in the LTA I(II) of the Borexino nitrogen plant
TubeFlexible Pharmed Tubing(6000) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
TubeShort Tonkaflow Cylinder (60 +/- 4), (56 +/- 2), (43 +/- 2) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
TubeLong Tonkaflow Cylinder(227 +/- 7), (106 +/- 3), (127 +/- 4) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
TubeClear PVC(61.8 +/- 1.9), (29.1 +/- .9), (33.0 +/- .9 per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
TubeSilicon Tubing(1.4 +/- .8),(1.4 +/- .6), (1.6 +/- .7), (1.5 +/- .5) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
TubePolyurethane Tube(1.4 +/- .4), (1.6 +/- .4), (< .3), (< .2) (< .2) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
TYVEKTYVEK(< .0039)mBq per square meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
Valve3 Chemkor SuperBlock II Valves(32 +/- 4),(11 +/- 2), (< 4), (< 3.5), (13 +/- 3) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
ValvePlast-O-Matic Valve Peices(3 +/- 1), (<1.125), (3 +/- 1), (< 0.936) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
ValveVacuum Research Gate ValveOpened:(48 +/- 4), Closed: (13 +/- 3), (18 +/- 3), (15 +/- 2) per meter squared per hour 2009 SNO Uras, Gerard, Tan, Lee, McDonald, Radon(Rn222) Emanation Results, September 1994http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/sno/str/SNO-STR-94-024.pdf
ValveSafety Valve(.08 +/- .03)mBq per valve2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X
WaterCTF Water(20 +/- 2)mBq per cubic meter2000Max-Planck-Institut für KernphysikW Rau, G Heusser, 222Rn emanation measurements at extremely low activities, Applied Radiation and Isotopes, Volume 53, Issues 1-2, 15 July 2000, Pages 371-375http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S096980430000155X

Radon Permeability Measurements

Category Material Measurement Units Date Made Collaboration or Research Group Citation Link Notes / Picture
Alumized PolymerAlumized Polycarbonate3.61*(10 to the -9)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
Alumized PolymerAlumized Mylar2.46*(10 to the -9)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
ButylButyl (2 mm thick) (1 +/- .5) * 10 to the -11m cubed at STP*mm/(s*torr*square centimeter)2010Harvard UniversitySteven J. Schowalter, Colin B. Connolly, John M. Doyle, Permeability of noble gases through Kapton, butyl, nylon, and 'Silver Shield', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 615, Issue 3, 11 April 2010, Pages 267-271, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.041.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900210001099
Cellulose NitrateCellulose Nitrate8.37 * (10 to the -10)square centimeter per second1987Bhabha Atomic Research CentreT.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124
GlassGlass1.72 * (10 to the -7)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
KalrezKalrez (.28 mm thickness)(1.2 +/- .5)*10 to the -8cm squared/sec2000BorexinoM. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503
Fiber GlassFiber Glass4.51 * (10 to the -6)square centimeter per second1987Bhabha Atomic Research CentreT.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124
NylonNylon 6 (.015 mm thick)(2.8 +/- 1.3)*10 to the -12cm squared/sec2000BorexinoM. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503
PaperWaxed Paper5.56 * (10 to the -9)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PaperA4 Xerox Paper2.93 * (10 to the -7)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PaperFilter Paper1.46 * (10 to the -6)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PolymerCellulose Nitrate1.63 * (10 to the -8)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PolymerPolyallyldiglycol-carbonate(CR 38)1.67 * (10 to the -7)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PolymerMakrofol(5.0 * (10 to the -10)), (5.81 * (10 to the -10)), (4.17 * (10 to the -10)), (3.34 * (10 to the -10)), (2.77 * (10 to the -10)), (4.45 * (10 to the -10))square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PolymerPVC Cling.463 * (10 to the -8)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PolymerPlexiglas(1.62 * (10 to the -7)), (2.55 * (10 to the -7)), (2.30 * (10 to the -7)square centimeter per second2002Ein Shams UniversityWafaa Arafa, Permeability of radon-222 through some materials, Radiation Measurements, Volume 35, Issue 3, June 2002, Pages 207-211, ISSN 1350-4487, DOI: 10.1016/S1350-4487(02)00043-4.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1350448702000434
PolymerHydrate-Cellulose(Cellophane)(.97 +/- .06) * (10 to the -12)square meter per second1986Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, HungaryAbdel-Fattah Hafez, G. Somogyi, Determination of radon and thoron permeability through some plastics by track technique, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 12, Issues 1-6, Special Volume Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors, 1986, Pages 697-700, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(86)90682-5http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018986906825
PolymerCellulose Acetate(.75 +/- .1) * (10 to the -12)square meter per second1986Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, HungaryAbdel-Fattah Hafez, G. Somogyi, Determination of radon and thoron permeability through some plastics by track technique, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 12, Issues 1-6, Special Volume Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors, 1986, Pages 697-700, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(86)90682-5http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018986906825
PolymerPolyethylene(113)nm squared/Pa*sec2003University of CaliforniaHammon, H. G., Ernst, K. and Newton, J. C. (1977), Noble gas permeability of polymer films and coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 21: 1989–1997. doi: 10.1002/app.1977.070210725http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.1977.070210725/abstract
PolymerPolyethylene-Terephthalate(.3 +/- .05) * (10 to the -12)square meter per second1986Institute of Nuclear Research, Debrecen, HungaryAbdel-Fattah Hafez, G. Somogyi, Determination of radon and thoron permeability through some plastics by track technique, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 12, Issues 1-6, Special Volume Solid State Nuclear Track Detectors, 1986, Pages 697-700, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359-0189(86)90682-5http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018986906825
PolymerPolycarbonate(1.4)nm squared/Pa*sec2003University of CaliforniaHammon, H. G., Ernst, K. and Newton, J. C. (1977), Noble gas permeability of polymer films and coatings. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 21: 1989–1997. doi: 10.1002/app.1977.070210725http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/app.1977.070210725/abstract
PolymerPolyester1.97 * (10 to the -9)square centimeter per second1987Bhabha Atomic Research CentreT.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124
PolymerPolyvinyl Chloride5.02 * (10 to the -8)square centimeter per second1987Bhabha Atomic Research CentreT.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124
RubberNatural Rubber6.35 *(10 to the -6)square centimeter per second1987Bhabha Atomic Research CentreT.V. Ramachandran, B.Y. Lalit, U.C. Mishra, Measurement of radon permeability through some membranes, International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part D. Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements, Volume 13, Issue 1, 1987, Pages 81-84, ISSN 1359-0189, DOI: 10.1016/1359http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/1359018987900124
Silver ShieldSilver Shield4*(10 to the -18)m cubed at STP*mm/(s*torr*square centimeter)2010Harvard UniversitySteven J. Schowalter, Colin B. Connolly, John M. Doyle, Permeability of noble gases through Kapton, butyl, nylon, and 'Silver Shield', Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 615, Issue 3, 11 April 2010, Pages 267-271, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.01.041.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900210001099

Radon Diffusion Measurements

Category Material Measurement Units Date Made Collaboration or Research Group Citation Link Notes / Picture
Glue RTV 61580010 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
JunctionMylar Junction.03010 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
JunctionAluminum Foil TROPAC Junction<.005110 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
KalrezKalrez (.28 mm thickness)(1.2 +/- .3)*10 to the -9centimeter squared per second2000BorexinoM. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503
NylonNylon 6 (.015 mm thick)(1.0 +/- .2)*10 to the -12centimeter squared per second2000BorexinoM. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503
MetalAluminum Foil TROPAC III<.004310 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
MylarMylar Foil(2 layers)<.001210 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
PolymerHDPE(2 layers)1910 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
PolymerEthylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer.6810 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
PolymerEthylene Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer(2 layers)<.0003510 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068
SiliconSilicon32010 to the -12*meters squared per second2011SuperNEMOF Mamedov et al. (2011),Measurement of radon diffusion through shielding foils for the SuperNEMO experiment.Journal of Instrumentation, 01: 1748-0221http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-0221/6/01/C01068

Radon Solubility Measurements

Category Material Measurement Units Date Made Collaboration or Research Group Citation Link Notes / Picture
KalrezKalrez (.28 mm thickness)12.8 +/- 2.82000BorexinoM. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503
NylonNylon 6 (.015 mm thick)(5.0 +/- .5)2000BorexinoM. Wojcik, W. Wlazlo, G. Zuzel, G. Heusser, Radon diffusion through polymer membranes used in the solar neutrino experiment Borexino, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Volume 449, Issues 1-2, 11 July 2000, Pages 158-171, ISSN 0168-9002, DOI: 10.1016/S0168-9002(99)01450-3.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900299014503

Radon Daughter Removal Studies

TitleLinkRelevant Pages
Low Radioactivity Background Techniqueshttp://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.ns.45.120195.002551552-554
Behavior of the 222Rn daughters on copper surfaces during cleaninghttp://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/897/53/1All
Removal of the long-lived 222Rn daughters from steel and germanium surfaceshttp://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/1338/224/1All
Ultra-Low-Background Copper Production and Clean Fabricationhttp://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/785/170/1173-175
Cleaning and passivation of copper surfaces to remove surface radioactivity and prevent oxide formationhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900207006882All

Radon Mitigation Studies

TitleLinkRelevant Pages
222Rn detection at the μBq/m3 range in nitrogen gas and a new Rn purification technique for liquid nitrogenhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804399002316All
Low-222Rn nitrogen gas generator for ultra-low background counting systemshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900204023356All

Transport, Deposition and Mobility Models

TitleLinkRelevant Pages
A Radon Progeny Deposition Modelhttp://link.aip.org/link/?APCPCS/1338/95/1All

Thoron Measurements

Radon Detector Papers

TitleLinkRelevant Pages
On-line low- and medium-level measurements of the radon activity concentration http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900201002273All
Detector for 222Rn measurements in air at the 1mBq/m3 levelhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0168900200010822All
Highly sensitive measurements of radioactive noble gas nuclides in the Borexino solar neutrino experimenthttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804304001083
Analysis of the 222Rn concentration in argon and a purification technique for gaseous and liquid argon http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804309000669All
Radon emanation measurements using silicon photodiode detectorshttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804303003762All
The miniaturized proportional counternext term HD-2(Fe)/(Si) for the GALLEX solar neutrino experimenthttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/016890029391289YAll
A high-sensitivity large volume cryogenic detector for radon in gashttp://www.springerlink.com/content/w0325547091r6066/All

Review Papers

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